KEY CONCEPTS
KEY CONCEPTS
It is the way in which words or group of words are differently used to speak and write. There are many grammatical forms ( parts of speech) and gramatical structures (suffixes and prefixes) as well.
Grammatical forms consists of nine parts of speech
1. NOUN
It is used to identify people’s name, places, animals, things, ideas or activities that function as subject or object. There are some subdivisions or categories:
- Common: It is a noun with no specific place, people, ideas, etc.
Example: man; woman; city.
-Proper: It is a noun with specific person, places, things, ideas, etc.
Example: London; Camila; James.
- Abstract: It is an idea, feeling or quality that cannot be touched as a concrete object.
Example: Love; confidence; anger.
-Concrete: It is an object or something that you can perceive, smell, see, hear and taste.
Example: Apple; ballons; TV.
- Compound: It is a noun compound of two or more words. It is commonly to match a noun+ noun or adjective+noun, but there are other combinations and forms of compound nouns.
Example: seafood; six-pack; bathroom; ice cream.
-Collective: It is a noun that is given for a number of people, animals and things.
Example: A gang of thieves; a murder of crows; a fleet of ships
-Singular: It is used to determine one person, place, thing or idea
Example: Apple; hand; fork.
-Plural: It is used to determine two or more people, animals, places, things, ideas
Example: Leaves; trees; teeth; feet.
-Possessive: It is used to show ownership
Example: Teresa's bag; dog´s house; boys’ ball
2.VERB
It is the action word that describes actions or movements that the subject is performing.
Tense: It is the action that happens according to the grammatical time. It could be in present, past or future.
-Intransitive verb: The verb has not an object.
Example: I play; She eats; My dog barks.
-Transitive verb: The sentences has object
Example: I eat fruits; My house is old; Cristina’s pet is a bird.
-Infinitive: It is characterized by using the ‘to+verb.’
Example: Nice to meet you; I hope to do my tasks as soon as possible.
-Mood: A verb mood is the attitude or intention of a sentence. There are three types of mood verbs.
a. Declarative: Factual information
Example: William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.
b. Interrogative: Ask for information (question.)
Example: Do you cook roast chicken?
c. Imperative: Command
Example: Wash your hands; Iron your clothes.
-Voice:
a. Active: The subject performs an action.
Example: Joseph Baermann Strauss built the San Francisco Bridge.
b. Passive: The subject receives the action.
Example: The San Francisco Bridge was built by Joseph Baermann Strauss.
-Modal: It helps the main verb to express the mood of how the action happens.
Example: Can, could, should, must.
-Auxiliar: It helps the verb in a clause.
Example: am, do, does, did.
-Negative: The auxiliar is modified in a negative way to show that the action is not happening .
Example: did not, does not, do not, cannot, could not.
-Conditional: Cause and effect. There are four rules using the conditional 'would.'
3. ADVERBS
It describes adjectives. There are some types of adverbs.
Place, time, purpose, degree, manner, frequency.
4. ADJECTIVES
It describes a noun and there are some types of adjectives.
a. Opinion adjective: Describes your opinion.
b. Descriptive adjective: Describes the quality of a person or thing.
c. Comparative: Compare two things
d. Superlative: It is used to compare a single noun with a group one.
5. DETERMINERS
It determines a noun as single, plural, known or unkown. There are five types of determiners.
a. Articles: the, a, an
b. Demostrative: this, that, these, those
c. Possessives: My, your, his, her, etc.
d. Quantifier: Few, all, each, many, some, much, etc.
e. Wh-determiners: what-ever.
6. PREPOSITIONS
Those are used to link nouns, pronound and other element in the sentence. There are three types of preposition.
a. Place: at, behind, under
b. Movement: From, to, by
c. Time: On, in, at
7. PRONOUNS
Words that sometimes replace a noun to make it less repetitive.
Subject, object, possessive adjective, possessive pronoun, reflexive pronoun
8. CONJUNTION
It joins words, clauses or sentences.
a. Coordinating
b. Subordinating
c. Correlative
d. conjunctive adverbs
9. INTERJECTION
Expresses emotion
Example: Meh!, Bah!; Boom!, etc.
References:
Givón, T. (1993). English grammar : A function-based introduction. volume i. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Chung, S., & Pullum, G. (2016, july 12). Grammar | Linguistic Society of America. https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/grammar
Davidenko, K., 2013. Verbs In English. [image] https://www.etsy.com/es/listing/634719482/verbs-of-action-in-pictures-cute-monkey
Types of Conjuctions. (2018, november 3). [image]. https://sedinfo.net/types-of-conjunctions/
ESLgrammar. (2019, mayo 8). Types of Adverbs [imagen]. https://eslgrammar.org/adverbs/
